Ngakho-ke, umuntu kumele abe nempahla engakanani ukuze kufaneleke ukuthi akhokhe i-zakat?
Mthandiwe, mzalwane wethu,
Lokhu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngempahla kanye nesikhathi okukhokhwa ngaso izakat. Umuntu onempahla enenani elilingana nenani le-nisab ngaphandle kwezidingo zakhe kanye nezikweletu zakhe, angakwazi ukuyikhokha ngokuyibalulela ngentengo yegolide.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona u-2g wegolide kuwo wonke u-80g.
ngokunikezwa.
Ukuze umuntu abophezeleke ukukhipha izakat, kumele abe ngumuntu okhululekile, omdala, ongumMuslimu; futhi kumele abe nempahla enenani elilingana nenani elibekiweyo (nisab) ngaphezu kwezikweletu zakhe nezidingo zakhe eziyisisekelo. Izinga lenani elibekiweyo (nisab) liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwemali nempahla okumele kukhishwe kuzo izakat.
Izinto ezidinga ukukhishwa kwesakat (izakat) zihlukaniswe zaba izigaba ezinhlanu.
Izinto ezifana nemali; igolide, isiliva, nemali yezinhlamvu zifakwa kuleli qembu. Izimbiwa nezinto ezifihlwe ngaphansi komhlaba; izimpahla zokuhweba; imikhiqizo yezolimo nezithelo; ngokuvamile izilwane ezifuywayo; ngokukaMaliki, kufakwa futhi izilwane ezondliwa esibayeni isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yonyaka.
Imali yalezi zinto ezibeka umuntu ngaphansi kwesibopho se-zakat (umsebenzi wokupha abampofu) yilezi:
a. Imali:
Zlato, srebro i gotovina.
Isilinganiso segolide yizimiskali ezingamashumi amabili noma amadinar amashumi amabili egolide. Idinar yisilinganiso esisetshenziswa njengemali (madrûb) esilinganayo nemiskali, ngokwesilinganiso esingokomthetho cishe amagremu amane, kanti ngokwesilinganiso esingokwesiko cishe amagremu angu-4.8 egolide. Isilinganiso sesiliva yidirhamu ezingamakhulu amabili zesiliva; ngokwesilinganiso esingokomthetho, lokhu kulingana namagremu angu-560, kanti ngokwesilinganiso esingokwesiko, lokhu kulingana namagremu angu-640. Ukuthi igolide noma isiliva kufanele kukhokhiswe i-zakat akuncikanga ekutheni kusefomini yimali, izinto zokuhlobisa, noma izitsha. Isilinganiso semali yephepha noma yezinhlamvu zemali nazo zibalwa ngokwesilinganiso segolide. Ngoba ekuthengiselaneni, igolide yilona elibalulekile. Ngempela, ngesikhathi sikaMprofethi (saw) nasezindaweni zaseMekka, igolide laliyimali eyinhloko. Ngisho nasezilinganisweni zediyet, igolide liyasetshenziswa njengesilinganiso. Abathengisi bemali, kuyo yonke indawo, basebenzisa amanani egolide ukuze babale intengo yendawo. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho bebala amandla okuthenga kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemali, njalo babheka igolide.
(Ibnul-Hümâm, Fethul-Kadîr, I, 519-525; İbn Âbidîn, Reddül-Muhtâr, II, 36-38; el-Meydânî, el-Lübâb, I, 148 vd.; eş-Şîrâzî, el-Mühezzeb, I, 157 vd.; İbn Kudâme, el-Muğnî, III, 1-16; ez-Zühaylî, el-Fıkhul-İslâmî ve Edilletuh, II, 759).
Izimpawu ezisekelwe kuzo izilinganiso zokheshi:
Kulandiswa kuHz. Ali ukuthi uMprofethi (ukuthula nokubusiswa kukaAllah kube kuye) wathi:
“Uma unama-dirham ayikhulu amabili esiliva, futhi sekuphele unyaka, kufanele ukhokhe i-zakat yama-dirham amahlanu. Uma ingafinyeleli kuma-dinar angamashumi amabili, akukho lutho olufanele ukukhokhwa. Uma unama-dinar angamashumi amabili egolide, futhi sekuphele unyaka, kufanele ukhokhe i-zakat yama-dinar ayisigamu.”
(ash-Shawkani, Nayl al-Awtar, IV, 138).
U-Abu Said al-Khudri ulandisa le hadith:
“Akukho zekat emdatshini engaphansi kwe-bess vesak (1 ton) yezithelo zedate. Akukho zekat emdatshini engaphansi kwe-five ukiyye (200 dirhem) yesiliva. Akukho zekat emdatshini engaphansi kwezinkamela ezinhlanu.”
(ash-Shawkani, op. cit., IV, 126, 138).
Ngokombono weningi labafundi beSharia, igolide noma isiliva kungenziwa ukuthi kuhlanganiswe ukuze kufinyelelwe inani elidingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu enama-dirham ayikhulu esiliva kanye namathathu ayisihlanu egolide alingana nani-dirham ayikhulu esiliva, kufanele akhokhe i-zakat. Lokhu kubhekwa njengohlobo olulodwa.
NgokukaShafi’i
Ngakho-ke, enye yalezi ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa nenye. Lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene, njengamakamela nezinkomo. Nokho, kulezi zinsuku, umbono wokuqala uyafaneleka kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni izinhlobo ezahlukene zemali bese zikhokhiswa i-zakat.
b. Isilinganiso se-zakat yezimayini nezinto ezifihliwe:
Igama elithi “maden” (umgodi) lisuselwa egameni elithi “adn” (indawo yokuhlala) futhi lisho indawo yokuhlala unomphela. Njengoba lisetshenziswa njengomqondo wezobuchwepheshe, lihlanganisa yonke into eyenziwe emhlabathini noma ngaphansi komhlaba, ebalulekile futhi ekhishwa emhlabathini.
Igoli, isiliva, ithusi, insimbi, umthofu, umcako, ukhonkolo
njengokuthi. Izinto ezingcwatshiwe ezifakwe emhlabathini ngabantu abangakholwa
“kenz”
kuyabizwa.
Rikaz
ise; igama elihlanganisa izimayini kanye nengcebo.
(Ibnul-Hümâm, Fethul-Kadîr, I, 537-543; Ibnul-Esîr, en-Nihâye, III, 82; Ibn Kudame, el-Muğnî, III, 23)
. Izinqolobane ezinezimpawu zobuSulumane,
“Lukata”
kuzoba ngaphansi kwemibandela yayo.
NgokukaHanafi,
Izinto ezitholakala emgodini ezingancibilika emlilweni zikhokhiswa isakathelo esisodwa kwemihlanu. Umprofethi wathi:
“Kukhona i-zakat yesihlanu (esilinganiselwa ku-20%) emithonjeni yezimbiwa nasezintweni ezifihlwe ngaphansi komhlaba (rikaz).”
(Bukhari, Musakat, 3, Zakat, 66; Abu Dawud, Lukata, Imara, 40, Diyat, 27; Muslim, Hudud, 45, 46; Tirmidhi, Ahkam, 38; Malik, Muwatta’, Zakat, 9)
Izikole zeShāfiʿī, Māliki, kanye neHanbali zibona i-rikāz njengengcebo kuphela, zithi izimbiwa ezifana negolide nesiliva zikhokhiswa i-zakāt eyodwa kwamashumi amane.
(Ibn Rushd, Bidâyetül-Müctehid, I, 250; el-Fıkhul-İslâmî ve Edilletüh, II, 778 vd.).
NgokukaHanafi
Kuzekeleni kanye nengcebo, ngaphandle kokubhekwa kwenisab, yonke inani eliphuma emhlabathini liyakhokhiswa ngesihlanu, ngokuya ngemithetho yezimpango. Bona, ngokuphathelene nokungadingeki kwenisab, baphila ngencazelo jikelele yama-hadith aphathelene ne-rikaz (kuzekeleni kanye nengcebo).
U-Imam Shafi’i, u-Imam Malik, kanye no-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal bona,
Nabo babona ukuthi isilinganiso siyadingeka nasezimayini, futhi babona ukuthi ingxenye engakafinyeleli esilinganisweni ayifanele ukukhokhelwa i-zakat. Lapha, isilinganiso sisho ukuthi inani lemali yezimayini ezikhishiweyo kufanele lifinyelele esilinganisweni semali. Ubufakazi ababuncikisa kubo yizincazelo ezijwayelekile zama-hadith aphathelene nesilinganiso segolide nesiliva.
(eş-Şevkânî, age, IV, 126, 138; Seyyid Sabık, Fıkhu’s-Sünne, Kahire ts, I, 316; el-Kardâvî, Fıkhu’z-Zekât, terc. İbrahim Sarmış, İstanbul 1984, I, 453).
Ngaphandle kwamaMaliki
Ngokwemibono yezikolelo ezintathu, izimayini zingaba yimpahla yomuntu siqu. Ngokwemibono yamaMaliki, zonke izimayini ngaphandle kwalezo ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphethwe ngamaqaba abamukele ubukhosi bamaSulumane ngendlela yokuthula, ziyimpahla yombuso, kanti imali engenayo isetshenziselwa izindawo ezifanele ukukhokhelwa kwezakat.
(ez-Zühaylî, age, II, 778, 779).
c. Isilinganiso sezimpahla zokuhweba:
Ukuphakama nokwanda kwe-urûz;
ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezimpahla zokuhweba ngaphandle kwegolide, isiliva, izinhlamvu zemali zensimbi kanye nemali yephepha.
Izimpahla, izakhiwo, izinhlobo zezilwane, imikhiqizo yezolimo, izingubo, izindwangu, kanye nezinto ezifanayo, izimpahla ezitholakala ngenjongo yezohwebo, ukuze zithengiswe.
urûz
kuyenzeka.
Ukuze lezi zimpahla zifakwe ku-zakat, ngaphezu kokuba zibe neminyaka ethile, kufanele zifinyelele izinga le-nisab yegolide noma yesiliva. Ngokuphathelene nenani, amanani emakethe yendawo lapho impahla itholakala khona ayasetshenziswa.
(ez-Zeylaî, Nasbu’r-Raye, II, 375-378).
Namuhla, uma impahla yezohwebo ifinyelela inani elilingana nama-miskal angu-20 (amagremu angu-96) egolide, futhi uma ezinye izimo zikhona, umuntu uthathwa njengomnikazi wempahla yezakat, futhi kufanele akhokhe i-zakat eyodwa kwezingamashumi amane. Njengoba isiliva selilahlekelwe amandla amakhulu okuthenga uma liqhathaniswa negolide, selilahlekelwe yikhono lalo lokuba yisilinganiso ekunqumeni inani le-nisab yempahla yezohwebo. I-zakat yempahla yezohwebo ingakhokhwa ngohlobo lwempahla ngokwayo, noma ingakhokhwa ngenani layo.
(el-Kâsânî, age, II, 21; İbn Kudâme, el-Muğnî, III, 31).
d. Isilinganiso semikhiqizo yezolimo nezithelo:
Imikhiqizo yezolimo nezithelo, kuye ngokuthi ziniselwa ngamanzi emvula noma ngamanzi aniselwa ngemishini.
kuyinto okufanele kukhokhwe ngayo isakathe (izakat) eyishumi noma ingxenye yayo.
. Lezakat lokhu
“ushuru”
ibizwa kanjalo.
Ngokuka-Abu Hanifa
Akukho ukubalwa kwesilinganiso emikhiqizweni yezolimo. Lokho okukhula emhlabathini ngomsebenzi womuntu…
ukolweni, ibhali, irayisi, umbila, ikhabishi, isitshalo seqanda, umoba
Kufanele kukhokhwe i-ushur (izakat) emikhiqizweni yezindawo ezikhokha i-ushur, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yincane noma yiningi. Ubufakazi buwukuthi leli qiniso liyavela encazelweni jikelele yama-aya ne-hadith ahlobene nalesi sihloko.
“Nika ube ngumnikelo wemikhiqizo yezolimo ngesikhathi sokuvuna (kumuntu ompofu).”
(Al-An’am, 6/141);
“Yenzani nisebenzise izinto ezinhle nezihlanzekile enizitholileyo, nalezizinto esizikhipheleni nina emhlabathini, ngenxa kaAllah.”
(Al-Baqarah, 2:267).
Ehadithini kuthiwa:
“Kukhona ishakelo kulokho okukhiqizwa umhlaba.”
(ez-Zeylaî, age, II, 384).
Ngokuka-Abu Yusuf no-Imam Muhammad, isilinganiso semikhiqizo yezolimo yithani elilodwa. Akudingeki ukuba kukhokhwe ushuru ngemikhiqizo yezolimo engaphansi kwethani elilodwa (5 vesak) kanye nemifino engakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi esingangonyaka ngaphandle kokubola.
AmaShāfi’ī, amaMālikī, namaHanbalī
Abahlanu bafaka i-vesak engu-5 njengomlinganiselo wokuqala wezimpahla zezolimo. Kodwa-ke, kwaba khona ukungezwani phakathi kwama-madhhab ekubalweni kwenani le-vesak.
(el-Kâsânî, age, II, 57-63; eş-Şîrâzî, el-Mühezzeb, I, 156 vd.; İbn Kudâme, age, II, 690-695; İbnül-Hümâm, Fethul-Kadîr, II, 2 vd.; ez-Zühaylî, age, II, 802 vd.).
Ubufakazi balokhu kuvela kuMphrofethi (ukuthula nokubusiswa kukaAllah kube kuye);
“Akukho zekat emikhiqizweni yezithelo ezomile ezingaphansi kwemithwalo emihlanu (ithani elilodwa).”
(ash-Shawkani, op. cit., IV, 126, 138, 141)
kuyinto hadith.
e. Isilinganiso se-zakat sezilwane:
Amakamela, izinkomo kanye nezimvu,
kuyaphansi kwesibopho se-zakat. Ngokungafani no-Abu Yusuf no-Imam Muhammad, u-Abu Hanifa
izinkomo
Futuvva naye ikubona ukuthi i-zakat iyadingeka. Umthetho wokuthi amahhashi awadingi i-zakat uma engasetshenziselwa ukuhweba, ube yisisekelo se-fatwa.
Inani eliphelele lezakat yezinkamela yisihlanu.
Ehadithini kuthiwa:
“Akukho zekat emhlambini wezinkamela ezingaphansi kwezinhlanu.”
(ash-Shawkani, op. cit., 126, 138).
Uma kunezingamela ezinhlanu, kukhishwa imvu eyodwa njengezakat, uma kunezingamela eziyishumi, kukhishwa izimbili, uma kunezingamela eziyishumi nanhlanu, kukhishwa izintathu.
(el-Kâsânî, age, II, 31 vd.; İbnül-Hümâm, age, I, 494 vd.; eş-Şîrâzî, el-Mühezzeb, I, 145 vd.).
Inani yezinkomo,
Lokhu kucaciswa kule hadith elandelayo ekhulunywa nguMu’az b. Cebel (owafa ngo-18/639):
“U-Mu’adh (ngokwezwi lika-Muhammad) uthi:
Umprofethi (ukuthula kube kuye) wangithuma eYemen, wangiyala ukuba ngithathe isakathe ngale ndlela: izinkomo ezingamashumi amathathu, ngithathe inkunzi noma inkomazi enezinyanga ezingamashumi amabili nane; izinkomo ezingamashumi amane, ngithathe inkomazi enezinyanga ezingamashumi amathathu nane; kanye ngenkomo ngayinye ekhulelwe, ngithathe idinar eyodwa noma ingubo elingana nalo.
(Tirmizî, Humus, 1966, II, 388; İbn Mâce, Sünen, I, 577).
Ngokwalesi simo, izinkomo ezingaphansi kwezingu-30 azikhokhiswa i-zakat.
Inani elincane lezimvu nembuzi okufanele kukhokhwe ngalo i-zakat ngu-40.
Akukho zekatheni ngaphansi kwalokhu. Ubufakazi balokhu yindaba evela ku-Anas (ra) evela encwadini ka-Abu Bakr (ra):
“Kuzimvu nezingulube ezidla emadlelweni, kudingeka umnikelo wezakathe kusukela kwengamashumi amane kuya kwikhulu namashumi amabili. Kusukela kwikhulu namashumi amabili kuya kwikhulu namashumi amabili, kudingeka iminikelo emibili; kusukela kwikhulu namashumi amabili kuya kwikhulu namashumi amathathu, kudingeka iminikelo emithathu.” (Tirmizî, Sünen, II, 387; İbn Mâce, Sünen, I, 574, 577).
Akukho ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi izinkomo ezitholakala ngenjongo yokuhweba ziyadinga ukukhokhelwa i-zakat. Ngokuphathelene nezinkomo ezingezona ezokuhweba…
Ngokuka-Abu Hanifa,
Nalokhu nako kudingeka i-zakat. Umnikazi ukhululekile; uma ethanda, angakhipha i-dinar eyodwa ngayo yonke inyanga; uma ethanda, angalinganisa inyanga ngentengo yayo, bese ekhipha ama-dirham amahlanu ngama-dirham amabili, njengoba kwenziwa ngezimpahla zokuhweba. Ehadithini kuthiwa:
“Kukhona i-zakat (umhlatshelo) eyodwa i-dinar noma i-dirham eyishumi ngayo yonke inkomo (ehla emadlelweni isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yonyaka).”
(ez-Zeylaî, Nasbü’r-Râye, II, 357 vd.; İbnül-Hümâm, age, I, 502).
Ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu nezithelo, uhlobo olulodwa alukwazi ukufakwa kolunye uhlobo ukuze kufezwe isilinganiso. Izilwane zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu: amakamela, izinkomo, nezimvu. Uhlobo olulodwa alukwazi ukufakwa kolunye. Izithelo nazo azikwazi ukufakwa kolunye. Izithelo ezomile, njengamadethi omile, azikwazi ukufakwa emvinini omile, amantongomane, noma amantongomane. Kodwa izimpahla zokuhweba zingafakwa emalini, futhi imali ingafakwa ezimpahleni zokuhweba ukuze kufezwe isilinganiso.
(Ibn Kudâme, age, II, 730).
(Shamil IA)
Ngiyabingelela ngithandazela…
UbuSulumane Ngemibuzo
