Mthandiwe, mzalwane wethu,
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
“Akukho lutho oluvela eze; futhi akukho lutho olunyamelelayo olungaphela.”
umushwana ohlanganisiwe,
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
ngaphansi kwegama elithi, iqala ezahlukweni zokuqala zezincwadi zeKhemistri Jikelele, kusukela esikoleni esiphakeme, futhi ifakiwe phakathi kwemithetho eyisisekelo yekhemistri.
Ngakube, lo musho ohlanganisiweyo uqinisile yini; ngempela akukho lutho oluvela eze, futhi akukho lutho oluyanyamalala?
Uma lokhu kungelona iqiniso, kungani kusabhekwa njengomunye wemithetho eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali ezincwadini zekhemikhali ezisetshenziswa ezikhungweni zethu zemfundo, kusukela esikoleni esiphakathi?
Ukubuka Umthetho Wekhemistri Ngokombono Wenkolo YamaSulumane
Uma sibheka lo mthetho we-chemistry ngokombono wenkolo yamaSulumane, umusho othi akukho lutho oludalwa ngaphandle kokuba khona, ngokwezibizo zikaNkulunkulu (cc), amavesi e-Quran kanye nama-hadith, awulungile; kodwa umusho othi akukho lutho olungaphela ngaphandle kokuba khona, ngokuphambene nalo musho wokuqala, uyilungile!
Nakuba kungekho okutholakala ezincwadini zokufunda ezisemthethweni zezikole zethu ezisetshenziswa ohlelweni lwase-Laik kanye nasezithibeni zoMthetho we-Tevhid-i Tedrisat, ezincwadini zokufunda zekhemistri zezinye izikole eMelika
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
ngemuva nje kwegama elithi, kuvulwa ubakaki.
(Kodwa uNkulunkulu kuphela ongakwenza lokhu!)
kubikwa ukuthi kubhalwe umusho othi:
Ukuthi akukho lutho olungaphela uma selukhona, yikho kanye okuyiqiniso. Ubufakazi balokhu ku-Islam yibo, u-Allah (cc)
“U-Hafiz”
(Umlondolozi) kanye namanye amagama, yizindima ze-Quran kanye nama-hadith mayelana nalesi sihloko.
Ngubani uLavoisier?
Lo mchemist waseFrance owaphila phakathi kuka-1743 no-1794, wasebenzisa isikali ngendlela ehlelekile futhi eqhubekayo kwisayensi yamakhemikhali, wahlola imiphumela yezilingo ezenziwe ngaphambi kwakhe; wenza izincazelo ezisekelwe ezilingweni zakhe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, wathola ukuthi isamba sezinga lezinto ezihlanganyela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali liyalingana nesamba sezinga lezinto ezivela kulezo zimphendulo,
“Umthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwempahla”
njengoba kushiwo. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo alukwazi ukuphikiswa emkhakheni wesayensi yamakhemikhali, kodwa kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngesikhathi sika-Einstein…
“Inkolelo-mbono Yekhethelo Yobudlelwane”
Ithatha isikhathi esingakanani?
Ushintsho uMthetho ka-Einstein we-Special Relativity owaletha kuMthetho lo
Ngo-1905, isazi fizikiya saseJalimane u-Albert Einstein wathi impahla iyisimo esijiyile samandla, amandla angashintsha abe yimpahla, nempahla ingashintsha ibe ngamandla.
E=mc²
(
E
: erg-enerji,
m
: gramu-isisindo,
c
: cm/s – isivinini sokukhanya ekuphumeni) ukuthi singaguqulwa ngokwefomula elula, wamukelwa umhlaba wesayensi.
“Inkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein Yezihlo Zokuhlobana”
okunye okuhlanganisa
E=mc²
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwento nenguvu, obufushaniswa ngefomula, kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo, kwaba yinguquko ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi, njengoba kwatholwa omunye wemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu endaweni yonke.
Kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe
“Inkathi Yezatomu”
, yaqala ngemibono ka-Einstein yobudlelwane. Isisekelo esiyinhloko semfundiso sokwakhiwa kwebhomu le-athomu
E=mc²
isekelwe kumgomo wokulingana nokuguquguquka kwendaba namandla.
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
da
,
kusukela manje kuqhubeke
“Umthetho ka-Einstein Wokulondolozwa Kwamandla Nendaba”
yalnızca düzeltilmiş olarak sunulmuştur; ancak önceki haliyle de Genel Kimya kitaplarında yer almaya ve uygulanmaya devam etmiştir.
Kungani Zombili Zisacatshwa Njengemithetho Emihle?
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
ngemuva kwalokho
“Umthetho ka-Einstein Wokulondolozwa Kwamandla Nendaba”
Nakuba isilungisiwe futhi sishintshiwe, kuyasiza ukuchazela labo abathanda lolu daba ukuthi kungani le mithetho eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali isacatshangelwa njengemithetho eyiqiniso, hhayi njengemithetho eyayicatshangelwa njengeyiqiniso ngaphambili emlandweni wesayensi yamakhemikhali ezincwadini zokufunda zamakhemikhali ajwayelekile, nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani emakhemikhalini.
Yiziphi izimo ezidinga ukuthi lo Mthetho wamukelwe njengowufanele?
Enye yezimo ezidinga ukuthi lo mthetho wamukelwe njengowufanele empeleni, yilezi:
(okungeyona inyukliya)
Umgomo wukwenza ukuthi imiphumela yezibalo ezihlobene nezinkinga zekhemistri ezihlobene nokusabela kwekhemistri ibe lula futhi yanele. Ngoba, mayelana nokulingana kwamandla-mass nokuguqulwa kwawo komunye nomunye endaweni yonke…
E=mc²
Ulinganiso wamandla wamandla angabalwa kusuka kule fomula mkhulu kakhulu; ngokuphambene, ulinganiso wamandla wamandla mncane kakhulu. Ngisho nasezinhlelweni ezinamandla kakhulu (ezishisa kakhulu) ezibangelwa ukukhishwa kokushisa, inani lokuncipha okungenzeka kwisamba sobukhulu ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwengxenye yendaba ibe amandla, kanye nenani lokwanda okungenzeka kwisamba sobukhulu ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamandla abe yindaba ezinhlelweni ezingenzeka kuphela ngokuphakelwa kwamandla angaphezulu (ezidinga ukushisa), lincane kakhulu kunomkhawulo wokulinganisa ngisho nangezilinganiso ezibucayi kakhulu (ingxenye eyodwa kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu zegramu) futhi lincane kakhulu ukuthi lingabalwa kwi-chemistry.
Ephutheni elenziwa ngamaphutha ekubalweni kokulahleka noma ukwanda kwesisindo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, okuyizinto ezivamile ezishisa noma ezidinga ukushisa, zidlula kude ukunemba kwemisebenzi yamakhemikhali.
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
nakuba kwaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso eliphelele
,
günümüzde bile, en büyük ölçekli basit kimyasal reaksiyonların hesaplamaları, toplam kütlede hiç kayıp veya artış olmamış gibi kabul edilerek yapılır.
Ukulinganisa Izibalo Zezibalo Zekhemikhali
Esinye isimo esidinga ukuthi lo mthetho wamukelwe njengoweqiniso ngokuphelele empeleni yisidingo sokulinganisa izinombolo zama-coefficient ezilinganisweni zamakhemikhali. Lapho kulinganiswa izinombolo zama-coefficient ezilinganisweni zamakhemikhali, ezimweni zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okushisa okukhululayo nokushisa okutholayo…
E=mc²
Ngokomthetho-sisekelo, kungcono ukungazami ukubala ukuthi ingxenye yobukhulu obuphelele iguqulelwa kanjani ibe amandla bese iyancipha, noma ukuthi ingxenye yobukhulu iyadalwa kanjani ngamandla atholiwe. Ngale ndlela, ukuze kugwenywe izinqubo nezibalo ezingadingekile, umthelela wazo ongenakubaluleka emiphumeleni yezinye izinhlobo zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali,
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
Kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi leli qiniso lamukelwe njengento eyiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwesayensi yamakhemikhali. Ukuze lisetshenziswe ekusetshenzisweni kwesayensi yamakhemikhali, liyachubeka nokufakwa phakathi kwemithetho eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali ezincwadini zokufundisa zamakhemikhali ajwayelekile.
Kuthiwani ukube ifomula E=mc² isetshenziswa nasezinhlelweni zokuphendula zamakhemikhali ezivamile?
Ngokwesibonelo esilula, uma igremu elilodwa lezinto liphenduka libe amandla, amandla angavela ngokusho kwefomula E=mc²: E=1g x (30 000 000 000cm/s)²= 900 000 000 000 000 000 000erg. Uma kubalwa ukuthi lokhu kulingana namakhalori amangaki nokuthi amakhalori anjalo angalingana nokushisa okungavela ngokushiswa kwamathani amangaki amalahle, kutholakala ukuthi amandla angavela ngokuphenduka kwegremu elilodwa lezinto abe amandla ngokuphelele alingana namandla okushisa angavela ngokushiswa kwamathani angaba ngu-7500 amalahle ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Uma siphinda sisho umphumela walesi sibonelo ngenye indlela;
i-exothermic
noma kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okudinga ukushisa,
E=mc²
Ngokwesilinganiso esilula, nakuba kungenzeka kube khona ukwehla noma ukwanda kwesisindo esiphelele, lezi zinguquko zesisindo zincane kakhulu kangangokuthi akudingeki nokuzisho; kufanele zishaywe indiva.
Ukulahlekelwa Kwesisindo Ekwenzekayo Ekuphindiseni Kwama-Nucleus Akufanele Kunganakwa
Ngokuphathelene nezibalo ezihlobene nokusabela kwenuzi,
E=mc²
Ngokomthetho-sisekelo, izinguquko eziphelele zesisindo ekulinganeni nasekuguqulweni kwesisindo-amandla azinakuzitshwa. (Isibonelo: Amabhomu e-athomu, amabhomu e-hydrogen, izikhungo zamandla enyukliya, ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo okulingana namandla amakhulu kakhulu akhiqizwa elangeni nasezinkanyezini)
Ngokuka-Einstein, empeleni kusukela ngo-1905.
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwesisindo”
Nakuba ishintshiwe, lesi yisizathu sokuthi kungani umthetho kaLavoisier usafundiswa ezincwadini zekhemistri njengokungathi ulungile ngokuphelele, futhi usasetshenziswa ekulinganiseni izibalo zekhemistri nasezinhlelweni zekhemistri, ngisho noma ushintshiwe.
Yini Ukubaluleka Kokuchaza Lolu Hlu?
eyayishicilela ngo-1789 nguLavoisier
“Umthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwesisindo”
Nakuba kungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele, futhi nakuba iphutha lalo selilungisiwe ngokuphathelene nobudlelwano phakathi kwendaba namandla obushicilelwe ngu-Einstein ngo-1905, lisalokhu libhekwa njengeliqiniso ekusebenzeni ngenxa yezizathu ezishiwo ngenhla, futhi lisalokhu likhona ezincwadini zokufundisa zamakhemikhali njengomthetho oyisisekelo wamakhemikhali kanye nasekusebenzeni kwamakhemikhali. Kodwa ukulisebenzisa kabi ngokufihla noma ukuhlanisa iqiniso elishiwo, kuyenzeka kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo…
“UbuDarwin”
Kungenzeka kube khona abazama ukwenza umonakalo ongokomoya ofanayo nalowo owenziwa ngale ndlela, kodwa bona bazama ukuwenza ngokusebenzisa isayensi yamakhemikhali.
Obani yibaphi abenza ukusabalalisa ulwazi olungelona kule ndaba?
Labo abaphambanisa ngale ndaba, ngabantu abangayazi le ndaba noma abantu abenza ngamabomu ngenhloso embi. Laba bantu, ikakhulukazi abanye abantu abangafundanga kahle nabantu abanomqondo omfushane, baphazamisa izingqondo zabo; ekuvikeleni izimfundiso eziphambene zokuthi indaba ayinasiqalo nokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho,
“Umthetho kaLavoisier Wokulondolozwa Kwento”
angakuzama ukusebenzisa lokhu njengobufakazi obuyisisekelo bokuziphika kwakhe.
Kulokhu, igama likaLavoisier kanye nalokho okukhulunywa ngakho kanye negama lakhe.
“Umthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwempahla”,
Mhlawumbe ingahlala ezincwadini zekhemistri jikelele zasesekondari nasesikoleni esiphakeme kuze kube phakade; kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingaba yithuluzi lobufakazi obuyimbumbulu, ukukhohlisa, nokususa iqiniso kwabanye abaphambanisa iqiniso.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, chofoza lapha:
– U-Allah unendlela ezimbili zokudala: ukwakha nokwenza. Ingabe ukudala kusuka eze kwenzeka njalo? Kusho ukuthini ukwakha nokwenza?
Ngiyabingelela ngithandazela…
UbuSulumane Ngemibuzo
