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Ivesi 239 yeSura yaBakara ithi umuntu kufanele athandaze ehamba ngezinyawo. Kusho ukuthini lokhu?
Mthandiwe, mzalwane wethu,
Kusichazamazwi
“umthandazo wokwesaba”
okuyisho ukuthi
umthandazo wesikhathi sokwesaba
igama elithi “tabiri” ku-fiqh
isitha, umkhomo, ukuhlaselwa yizilwane noma ingozi yomlilo, yezikhukhula
phakathi kwezinsongo ezinjalo, kusho ukuthi imithandazo yamafardhu kufanele yenziwe ngokushintshana ngokulandela umpristi oyedwa.
Ukuthandaza kuNkulunkulu ngenhloso yokucela usizo lapho kubhekene nezinhlekelele zemvelo njengokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuduma kwezulu, iziphepho, noma izinhlekelele ezinjengokuhlasela kwezitha noma izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kubhekwa njengokufanelekile yiningi labafundisi benkolo.
umthandazo we-faza’
kuyinto uhlobo lomthandazo wokuphasa.
Umkhuleko, okungomunye wezinsika ezinhlanu zobuSulumane,
ukwenziwa ngesikhathi esibekiwe
ngoba inokubaluleka okukhethekile
(An-Nisa, 4/103),
Kuye kwabekwa izindlela ezikhethekile zokwenza lula ukuze leli banga lenziwe ngesikhathi, ngaphambi kokuba isikhathi salo siphele.
Futhi, inekezela ukubaluleka kokuthandaza ngendlela yeqembu ngisho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo ezinjengezimpi nezinhlekelele zemvelo.
ukukhuleka ngokushintshana ngokulandela umpristana oyedwa
indlela yayo ibekwe eQur’an naseSunnah:
“Uma
-okuthile-
Uma nisesaba, ningathandaza ngenkathi nihamba ngezinyawo noma nisesilweni. Uma seniphephile, khumbulani uNkulunkulu njengoba anifundise lokho enaningakwazi ngaphambili.”
(Al-Baqarah 2:239)
Ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obufanele, okuhlanganisa nendima eku-Quran, izazi zivumelene ngokuthi umuntu ongumMuslimu obalekela isitha angathandaza ngesikhathi sokuziphoqa, ngaphandle kokugcwalisa izimo ezifana nokukhothama, ukuguqa, nokubheka e-Qibla, ngokuqondile noma ehlezi phezu kwesilwane. Ngokwemibono yezikole ezintathu ngaphandle kwe-Hanafi, kanye noMuhammad b. Hasan ovela esikoleni se-Hanafi, umthandazo onjalo unganziwa ngisho nangeqembu.
Kufanayo nako kuye kwafikelelwa kwisiphetho esifanayo ngomuntu okhathazekile ngohlaselo lwesitya, isela, noma isigebengu, noma obalekela ingozi efana nomlilo noma uzamcolo.
Futhi, ngokuvumelana neningi labafundisi bezenkolo,
Kuye kwashiwo ukuthi umthandazo ungakhokhelwa ngendlela yokuwufingqa ezimweni ezinjengokubhekana ngqo nenzondo noma ukwanda kwengcindezi yenzondo.
NgokukaHanafi
Uma impi iqhubeka, akukho okubi ngomuntu ongakwazi ukuthola ithuba lokuthandaza ngesikhathi esifanele ukuthi alibambezele. Ngoba uMprofethi (ukuthula kube kuye) wabambezela eminye imithandazo ngesikhathi seMpi yaseHendek ngoba ukulwa kwakungapheli usuku lonke, wayeseyithandaza ebusuku lapho impi isima. Abanye abafundisi beHanafi basekela lo mbono ngesisekelo sokuthi ukwenza izinto eziningi nokopha kuyayiphazamisa imithandazo.
(bheka u-Tahâvî, Ahkâmü’l-Kurân I, 229-230; u-İbnü’l-Hümâm, Fethu’l-Kadir, II, 101)
Futhi, ngokweHanafiya…
Nakuba kuvunyelwe ukuthi umuntu athandaze ngendlela yokukhombisa ngenkathi esesilweni uma kunezimo eziyingozi noma ezingenzeka ukuthi ehle kuso, akukuvunyelwe ukuthi athandaze ngendlela yokukhombisa ngenkathi ehamba phansi (ngokuhamba ngezinyawo).
Ngisho nemithandazo eyenziwa ezimweni ezishiwoyo ihlobene nesizathu sokwesaba, ngakho-ke kule mibhalo yezomthetho wamaSulumane…
“umkhuleko wesaba”
Nakuba isihloko sikhuluma ngalokhu, ngomqondo omncanyana igama elithi salâtü’l-havf libhekisela endleleni yokwenza imithandazo yamafardhu ngesikhathi sempi, lapho abantu beshintshana ngokuya ngemuva komholi oyedwa. Ubufakazi bokuthi umthandazo wenziwa ngale ndlela busevesini le-102 le-Surah An-Nisa kanye nasezibonelweni zikaMprofethi (ukuthula nokubusiswa kube phezu kwakhe) ezichaza leli vesi:
Ngokuvumelana neningi labafundisi bezenkolo
umthandazo wesikhathi sokwesaba
Akuyona okukhethekileyo kuMphrofethi uMuhammad,
Yisinqumo esivumelekileyo kubo bonke abantu abangamaSulumane.
(Ukuze uthole ingxoxo mayelana nokuthi ngabe kuyisunnah noma ukunikezwa imvume emkhakheni we-Maliki, bheka u-Hattab, II, 561; Ali b. Ahmed el-Adevî, I, 338-339)
U-Abu Yusuf, u-Hasan b. Ziyad, no-Ismail b. Uleyye, ngokuya ngendlela ekhulunywa ngayo ngomkhuleko kaMprofethi (ukuthula nokubusiswa kube kuye) ku-Ayat 102 ka-Surah An-Nisa, baphakamisa ukuthi isizathu salo mthetho kwakuwukufuna ukulandela u-Imam kaMprofethi (ukuthula nokubusiswa kube kuye), nokuthi ngokufa kwakhe, lesi sizathu, ngakho-ke umthetho we-salatu’l-khawf, waphela, nokuthi manje iqembu ngalinye elihlukene lingakhuleka ngama-Imam ahlukene ngokuya ngesimo.
Ubufakazi obuqine kakhulu be-jumhur (isivumelwano sabafundi) ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-salatu’l-khawf (umthandazo wesaba) kwaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokushona kukaMprofethi, futhi kwaba khona isivumelwano phakathi kwabafundi (sahaba) ngalokhu. Ngempela, kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Abu Musa al-Ash’ari wayethandaza ngale ndlela ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kwe-Isfahan, u-Hz. Ali ngesikhathi seMpi yase-Siffin, no-Huzaifa b. Yeman ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kwe-Taberistan, futhi kukhona izindaba ezivela kwabanye abafundi (sahaba) ezibonisa ukuthi le ndlela yokuphatha yaqhubeka. Ngokombono we-jumhur, injongo yokusungulwa kwalo mthetho wemvume,
Ukuqinisa ubunye nokusimamisa umoya wobumbano phakathi kwamasosha angamaMuslim ngokwenza imithandazo ngendlela yamajamaat (ngokuhlanganyela) ngisho nasezimo ezinzima.
(Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, I’lam al-muwaqqi’in, III, 145; Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi, III, 170)
Özetle,
Ivesi 239 ye-Surah Al-Baqarah ichaza indlela abantu ngabanye abangathandaza ngayo ezimweni eziyingozi ezibanzi, ezihlanganisa impi.
Umphumela
Ubalulekile umthandazo, awukwazi ukushiywa, kufanele ukhulekwe ngazo zonke izimo, futhi uma izimo zingavumeli ukuthi kwenziwe ezinye izibopho zomthandazo, kufanele ukhulekwe ngendlela engenzeka (noma ezinye izibopho zingaphelele).
Iningi lezinto ezifana ne-fard, wajib kanye ne-sunnah emthandazweni zenziwa ngokunyakazisa umzimba, futhi inhloso yazo ukusiza umphefumulo womthandazo, okuyizinto ezinjengemizwa, ukuqwashisa kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nenceku Yakhe. Uma kukhona okuthile okuphazamisa ukwenziwa kwalezi zinyakazo zomzimba, zingashiwa, kodwa umthandazo awunakushiywa. Ngoba umphefumulo wawo, okuyikuqwashisa ngomsebenzi wokukhonza (zikir), kungenzeka ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, chofoza lapha:
– UMTHANDAZO WOKWESABA
Ngiyabingelela ngithandazela…
UbuSulumane Ngemibuzo
