Mthandiwe, mzalwane wethu,
“U-Allah nguye owadala amazulu ayisikhombisa kanye nomhlaba, naye wenza okufana nawo. Umyalo wakhe uyasebenza phakathi kwawo…”
(Talak, 86/12).
Okokuqala, ake sisho ngokushesha ukuthi,
izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi “isikhombisa”, “amashumi ayisikhombisa” kanye “amakhulu ayisikhombisa”,
Ngoba ngesitayela sama-Arabhu, ibonisa ubuningi.
“izendlalelo eziyisikhombisa”
futhi kungase kubhekiselwe nasebunyolweni balezo zendlalelo.
Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthola izincazelo eziningi ezahlukene kule nkulumo yale ndima. Njengoba kuqondakala namuhla, isikhala akusona isikhala esingenamkhawulo, kodwa…
“isiboshwa”
igcwele ngento ebizwa ngokuthi i-substance.
Njengoba nje amanzi, umusi, neqhwa kwakheka kusuka ku-hydrogen no-oxygen, uMninimandla onke, uMdali, naye wakha amazulu ayisikhombisa kusuka endabeni yezulu, ngendlela ehlanzekile kakhulu, waphinda wadala izinkanyezi ngaphakathi kwawo. Izinkanyezi ezihambayo zizulazula kuleli zulu njengezinhlanzi.
Kuleli vesi, kungenzeka ukuthi leli vesi elihloniphekile lisho ukuthi wonke amazulu abonakalayo ayisibhakabhaka salomhlaba, nokuthi kukhona ezinye izendlalelo eziyisithupha zezulu. Ukuphawula ngomhlaba nakho kungasho izinto ezahlukene. Kodwa lapha, sizobheka kuphela uhlangothi olulodwa, okungukuthi incazelo yezwi, yezendlalelo eziyisikhombisa zezulu nomhlaba.
Kuye kwafakazelwa ngezesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye ne-geology ukuthi amazulu nomhlaba kwakhiwe ngezingqimba eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene.
Masihlolisise umhlaba onobubanzi obungu-6,370 km, onamakhasi ayisikhombisa, kusukela ebusweni kuya enkabeni. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngamakhasi ayisikhombisa alandelayo, kusukela ngaphandle kuya ngaphakathi:
1. I-Litosfer noma Uqweqwe (Lithosphere or Crust)
2. I-Hydrosphere noma i-Sfera Yamanzi (Hydrosphere)
3. Ingubo yangaphezulu (Upper Mantle, Asthenosphere)
4. Indawo Yokuguquka (Transition Zone)
5. Ingubo engezansi (Lower Mantle, Mesosphere)
6. Ingqondo yangaphandle (Outer core)
7. Umgogodla wangaphakathi (Inner core)
1. I-Lithosphere noma uqweqwe lomhlaba
Uqweqwe lomhlaba, olwaziwa nangokuthi i-lithosphere, lutholakala ngaphandle kakhulu komhlaba. Luyakhula emazweni.
(35-40 km, kodwa eThafeni laseTibet 70 km)
) uqweqwe olusolwandle nasezansi yolwandle luncane (8-12 km), kanti isilinganiso sobukhulu bomhlaba ngu
33 km
kunjalo. Yakhiwa yizingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuya ngesakhiwo samakhemikhali kanye nokuqina. Enye yalezi yizintaba ezakhiwe ngamatshe anjenge-granite.
umkhathi wegranite;
esinye sakhiwa ngamatshe anobunjwa be-basalt.
ungqimba lomhlaba olwakhiwe ngamatshe e-basalt.
Emkhakheni we-granite womhlaba
Iqukethe kakhulu izinto ezifana ne-silicon ne-aluminium. Ngakho-ke, ilula; ubukhulu bayo buphakathi kuka-2.7-2.8 gr/cm3. Yakha ingxenye engaphezulu yeqolo lomhlaba.
Emkhaweni we-basaltic
Kunezinto eziningi ze-silicon ne-magnesium. Ngakho-ke, inzima kune-crust ye-granite; ubukhulu bayo buphakathi kuka-3-3.5 gr/cm3. Itholakala ngaphansi kwe-crust ye-granite nasezansi kwezilwandle. Ngakho-ke, i-crust ye-basaltic…
ugqinsi lwezinhlanzi zasolwandle
noma yayo iyabizwa.
2. I-Hydrosphere:
Izilwandle, amachibi, imifula, kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba emhlabeni wonke akha i-hydrosphere. Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zendawo yomhlaba zimbozwe ngamanzi.
Umkhubo
Ingubo;
Yakhiwa ngezingqimba ezintathu ezihlukene: ingubo yangaphezulu, indawo yokuguquka, kanye nengubo yangaphansi.
Ngokwevolumu, yenza u-83% womhlaba, kanti ngobunzima, yenza u-66%.
3. Ingubo yangaphezulu
Ubukhulu bawo bungu-360 km, kanti ubukhulu bawo buphakathi kuka-3.3 no-4.3 gr/cm3.
4. Indawo Yokudlulela
, itholakala phakathi kwengubo engaphezulu nengubo engaphansi. Ubukhulu bayo buyi-600 km.
5. Ingubo Yezansi
Yaklaşık olarak 1.900 km kalınlığında olup, yoğunluğu ve esnekliği yüksek olan kayalardan oluşmuştur.
Umongo
Ingxenye yomhlaba kusukela ku-2,900 km kuya ku-6,370 km yakha umgogodla. Lona ke uhlukaniswa izingxenye ezimbili: umgogodla wangaphandle nomgogodla wangaphakathi.
6. Ingqikithi yangaphandle:
Ihlanganisa ingxenye yomhlaba ukusuka ku-2900 km kuya ku-5150 km. Ingqikithi yangaphandle yakhiwe ikakhulu yinsimbi nensimbi-nikeli ezishisayo. Amaza ayisibili (S) avela ekuzamazameni komhlaba awakwazi ukudlula kule ngxenye, ngakho-ke kuyaqondakala ukuthi le ngxenye isesimweni esiwuketshezi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaza ayisibili awakwazi ukudlula ezintweni eziwuketshezi.
7. Ingqikithi Yangaphakathi:
Kwenye umkhawulo we-core yangaphandle neyangaphakathi, ubukhulu bufika ku-12.3 gr/cm3, kanti izinga lokushisa lifika ku-4,300 degrees. Lokhu kwenza ukwakheka kwe-core yangaphakathi kube,
insimbi nensimbi yensimbi ekhanyayo
lokhu kubangela ukuthi. Njengoba sazi, umhlaba esiphila kuwo unjengomagnethi omkhulu. Amandla kazibuthe awo avela ekuhleleni kwenhliziyo yangaphandle eyisimo esiwuketshezi njengodinamamo. Ngenxa yalesi sici, izinaliti zekhampasi zihlala zikhomba endaweni eyodwa.
Izulu Elinezitezi
“Nguye owadala amazulu nomhlaba ngamaqeqe. Awukwazi ukubona noma yikuphi ukungahambisani ekudaleni kukaRahman. Manje phendula amehlo akho ubheke, ungabona yini noma yikuphi ukuqhekeka?”
(Ikhaya, 67/3)
Siphila phansi kwesibhakabhaka, njengoba nje izinhlanzi zihlala phansi kolwandle. Ngaphambi kokuba siphakame siye phezulu kolwandle lomoya, ake siqale sazi izici ezijwayelekile zesibhakabhaka.
Emkhathini
Umgwaqazo (nitrogen) ngamaphesenti angama-78, umoya-mpilo (oxygen) ngamaphesenti angama-21.
futhi kukhona inani elincane le-argon, i-carbon dioxide, i-hydrogen kanye namanye amagesi ayivelakancane. Ukube leli zinga belingazange ligcinwe, ukuphila emhlabeni bekungeke kwenzeka. Umkhathi uphinde usebenze njengomthunzi, uvikele izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni emisebeni eyingozi. Ngokwesibonelo,
Umkhathi uyahlunga imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. Ukube bekungekho lokhu kuhlunga, leyo misebe ibizobulala zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukube bekungekho umkhathi, izinga lokushisa emhlabeni phakathi nosuku belizoba ngaphezu kuka-100°C, ebusuku libe yiqhwa. Ngakho-ke, umkhathi ulawula namandla okushisa.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ngomkhathi ukuthi usiza ukuthwala amafu emvula ngezindlela zomoya uwayise ezindaweni ezidingekayo.
Umkhathi uyisibusiso esikhulu, uqukethe izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu njenge-nitrogen (i-azoti), umoya-mpilo kanye ne-carbon dioxide.
Cabanga,
ukube bekungekho umoya-mpilo
Ngabe amangqamuzana ethu, okuyiyona yunithi encane kakhulu yomzimba wethu, abesebenza yini? Ngabe besingakwazi ukushisa ukudla kwethu ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, futhi ngabe besingakwazi ukuthola amandla amakhemikhali adingekayo? Ngenxa yomoya-mpilo, kwenzeka inqubo yokushisa ebizwa ngokuthi i-oxidation emangqamuzaneni, futhi ama-molecule anikeza umzimba ukudla ayashintsha ngokwemakhemikhali.
Kunzima ukusho ukuthi umkhathi uqine kangakanani. Ezingeni lolwandle
imayela eyikhiyubikhi
Isisindo somoya ngu-6,000,000 wamathani. Isisindo somoya onobukhulu obufanayo, ngaphezulu kuka-350 km, ngu-
Amagremu angu-60
Njengoba kubonakala lapha, ukuminyana komoya kuyancipha njengoba ukhuphuka. Futhi, ngoba akukho ukunyakaza okwanele kwamamolekhyuli omoya ngaphezu kuka-130-140 km, amagagasi omsindo awasakazeki, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akunakwenzeka ngisho nokuzwa umsindo wesando.
Izendlalelo ezakha umkhathi nomkhathi-langa yilezi:
1. I-Troposphere,
2. Isigaba se-Stratosphere,
3. I-Khemosefere,
4. I-Mesosphere,
5. Iyonosfer,
6. I-Exosphere,
7. I-Magnetosphere.
1. I-Troposphere:
Isigaba esiphansi kakhulu somkhathi esihlala kuso sibizwa ngokuthi i-troposphere. I-troposphere iyahlukahluka ngokushisa nangomswakama kuye ngezindawo. Ubukhulu bayo buphakathi kuka-0 no-16 km.
2. I-Stratosphere:
Yenza ingqimba yesibili ebalulekile yomkhathi, futhi itholakala ngaphezu kwe-troposphere. Itholakala phakathi kuka-11 no-50 km. Izindiza eziningi zempi zihamba kule ngqimba. Izinga lokushisa licishe libe ngaphansi kwezingu-55°C. Akukho moya kule ngqimba, ngakho-ke akukho namafu.
3. I-Khemosphere:
Iphakama ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-80, yandulele ngaphezu kwesigaba se-stratosphere. Lapha, izinhlayiya zegesi ziguquka zibe igesi ye-athomu noma zibuyele emuva.
4. I-Mesosphere:
Yakha ingxenye emaphakathi yomkhathi.
5. Iyonosfer:
Iyonosfer inwebeka ngaphezu kwe-mesosphere kuze kufike ku-400 km. Kule ngqimba, umoya ulayishwe ngogesi. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi ama-athomu ezingxenye zomoya zilahlekelwe noma zazuze ama-elekthron. Ngenxa yokuthi le ngqimba iqukethe ama-athomu alayishwe ngogesi, okungukuthi ama-ion, ibizwa ngokuthi i-ionosphere.
Iyonosfer,
ibonisa izinhlayiya ezishajwe ngogesi kanye namaza omsakazo.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, besingayizwa kanjani imisakazo yeziteshi ezikude kakhulu emhlabeni? Izingxenye eziphansi ze-ionosphere zibonisa amagagasi omsakazo ajwayelekile, kanti izingxenye eziphezulu zibonisa amagagasi omsakazo amafushane. Ngenxa yalesi sici, singalalela kalula imisakazo yamazwe aphesheya ngamagagasi amafushane. Amagagasi esidluliseli sethelevishini awabonakali lapha, kodwa adlula kule ngqimba.
6. I-Exosphere:
Ngaphezu kwe-ionosphere, kukhona ungqimba lapho ukuminyana komoya kuncipha kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuminyana komoya kuncane kakhulu lapha, ukungqubuzana nakho kuncane kakhulu kangangokuthi kungashaywa indiva.
Ngakho-ke, iziphuphutheli zokwenziwa ezenziwe ngabantu zizungeza umhlaba kule ndawo.
7. Magnetosfer:
Igcwele ubukhulu obungenamkhawulo. Yindawo engenamkhawulo lapho kungekho khona umoya, okungukuthi, umkhathi. Ngokwengxenye, ihlanganisa indawo yomkhathi engaphezu kuka-64,000 km.
Njengoba kubonakala kule ncazelo emfushane, iKur’an-i Kerim, ngokukhomba emkhawulweni wokugcina wezifundo, ikhuthaza isintu ukuba sifune ukuhlakanipha, ubuciko kanye nokuhleleka emisebenzini kaNkulunkulu. Yebo, lezi zikhuthazo nezinkomba zibuye zibe ngendlela evulekile ekuchazeni okuhlukahlukene, okufanele ukuqonda nokuqonda kwabantu kuyo yonke iminyaka.
Ngiyabingelela ngithandazela…
UbuSulumane Ngemibuzo
