Mthandiwe, mzalwane wethu,
Ukushadisa izingane ngaphambi kokuba zifike ebudaleni, okanye ukwenza izivumelwano zokushada (ezinye izindawo zibiza ngokuthi “izivumelwano zokuzalwa”) phakathi kwabazali bazo, kubizwa ngokuthi “beşik kertmesi”.
Ake sibheke isikhundla kanye nendlela yokusebenza kokushadisa izingane ezincane – ngaphandle kokuzinika ithuba lokuzikhethela – ngokombono wefiqh:
1. Akubona bonke abafundisi befiqh, kodwa abanye babo,
“Izingane zingashadiswa abazali bazo ngaphambi kokuba zifike ebudaleni bokuthomba.”
bathi. Nokho, nabo babeke imibandela ethile okwakufanele ihlangatshezwe ngabazali nangabantu abashadile, futhi uma le mibandela ingahlangatshezwa, banikeza ijaji noma ingane – lapho isikhulile – ilungelo lokuchitha isivumelwano.
Ukuvunyelwa kokushadiswa kwengane esencane ngumzali wayo,
“Ukuthi u-Aisha, ngaphambi kokufika kwakhe esikhathini sokuthomba, wayeshadiswe nguYise kuMprofethi wethu”
Kusekelwe esibonelweni nasezinkambisweni zama-Arabhu ngalolu daba. Kodwa lapha, umuntu oshadile nguMprofethi wethu (ukuthula nokubusiswa kube phezu kwakhe), uMninimandla wemihlaba yonke, isimo sakhe sihlukile, futhi uma abesifazane namantombazane abashadile ngaphandle kwentando yakhe beza kuye, wayehlala ehlukanisa umshado, ewuphelisa.
2. Kukhona izazi ze-Islam ezithile ezingakuvumeli ukushadiswa kwezingane ezincane ngabazali bazo.
Futhi uMbuso Wase-Ottoman, owawusebenzisa uSharia, wamukela leli qembu lemibono emthethweni wawo wokugcina wezomndeni, wawenza umthetho (isigaba 7) futhi wawusebenzisa ezinkantolo ezazithobela ubuKhalifa. Isifinyezo esilula sesizathu esihlobene naleso sigaba somthetho sisho kanje:
“Njengoba abafundisi abane abakhulu be-madhhab bekuvuma ukuthi ukushadisa amantombazane namakhwenyana abancane kuvumelekile futhi kuyasebenza, ngakho-ke kwakwenziwa kanjalo. Njengoba isimo sesishintshile esikhathini sethu, kudingekile ukwamukela indlela entsha kulokhu. Esikhathini sethu lapho umzabalazo wokuphila ushube khona, umsebenzi wokuqala wabazali akukhona ukushadisa izingane zabo ezincane, kodwa ukuzikhulisa ngokuzinika imfundo nokuqeqeshwa okuhle. Abazali abaningi abangakunaki lokhu, bashadisa izingane zabo ukuze bathole isibongo, babone ukukhula kwazo, noma bathole ifa elihle, ngaleyo ndlela beqala izinhlekelele zabo ngomshado; imishado eminingi enjalo ifana nengane ezelwe ifile kusukela ngosuku lokuqala. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi zingakanani futhi ziyamangalisa kangakanani izindaba ezihlobene nemishado enjalo, kwanele ukubheka kokubili izincwadi ze-fiqh kanye namarekhodi enkantolo. Bobabili u-Abu Bakr al-Asamm no-Ibn Shubruma, ababili abakhulu abahlaziyi be-fiqh, babheka ukuthi izingane azidingi lokhu, nokuthi -ikakhulukazi ngokwe-ijtihad engavumeli ukuhoxiswa- lokhu kubopha inkululeko yazo.”
“Akekho umuntu onelungelo lokushadisa izingane ezincane.”
babenze ijtihad (izinqumo zenkolo). (Ngokwalaba mujtahid, isehlakalo sikaHz. Aisha sithinta uMphrofethi wethu kuphela, futhi asikwazi ukusetshenziswa kwabanye.) Izilingo ezibuhlungu ezitholwe amakhulu eminyaka nazo ziyaqinisekisa ijtihad yalezi zazi. Ngalezi zizathu, isihloko sesikhombisa somthetho sihlelelwe ngokwejtihad yalezi zazi ezimbili.”
Ukube umbuso wama-Ottoman wawungazange uqothuke, lo mthetho wawuzosebenza ezweni lawo; okusho ukuthi, ngokwe-Sharia, akekho owayezokwazi ukushadisa izingane ezincane. Ngempela, namuhla emazweni amaSulumane alawula imithetho yomndeni ngokwe-Sharia, isimo sinjalo.
Ngiyabingelela ngithandazela…
UbuSulumane Ngemibuzo
